Foreword by Brian Goodger
Kodokan judo has undergone many striking changes since its
foundation by Jigoro Kano over a century ago. These changes
themselves give much material for study for those interested
in judo from a historical or a social-scientific point of
view, while the emergence of judo as a modern Olympic sport
in turns provides interesting areas for physiological and
medical study, on the lines of that undertaken in a range of
other contemporary sports.
The formation of the European Society for the Scientific
Study of Judo is thus of great importance. These
bibliographical notes, the first fruits of the Society's
existence, are evidence that significant scientific work is
being undertaken in relation to judo, while the formation of
the Society itself provides an important platform for further
developments. When my brother and I began research into judo
in the early 1970s, it was all too easy to feel rather
isolated in this work; for example there seemed to be
virtually no existing literature in our particular area, the
sociology of judo. These bibliographical notes show that
students of judo can now attach themselves to a growing body
of research and study, and even an "insular Briton" has no
excuse for feeling isolated. With 1992 and its attendant
possibilities approaching rapidly, such joint European
developments can only be beneficial.
Projects such as the ESSSJ do not simply "happen", however,
they need a great deal of hard work to bring then into being.
In this respect I feel a debt of gratitude to Michel Brousse,
for this commitment for the setting up of the Society. The
process of communicating with him over the past few years has
been very stimulating and fruitful for me and has made me
appreciate the great benefits that come from institutions
such as the ESSSJ. I am thus most pleased to see here the
first concrete results of this enterprise.
FRANCE
Albertini Pierre, "Pour une Pratique et une Pedagogie de
l'Opposition Codifiee", ["Codified Opposition: Pedagogics and
Practice"], Judo nø 59, 1983, Decembre, 37-39 pp.
The author studies the judo learning process. He points out
the inadequacy of the classical means and stresses the need
of taking into account the reality of the fight situation.
The judo player is no longer seen as an individual but as a
member of a couple. He proposes to build the learning process
on the exploring and mastering of the forces developed by the
two players. From that point of view he sketches extreme
levels (beginner and top player) in mat work and in standing
judo.
Albertini Pierre, "Pour une Pratique et une Pedagogie de
l'Opposition Codifiee", ["Codified Opposition: Pedagogics and
Practice"], Judo nø 61, 1984, Mars-Avril, 41-44 pp.
In the second part of his paper, the author uses mat work to
illustrate his approach. Trying to codify opposition and to
develop steps from a partner to an opponent, he describes new
situational exercises with specific tasks meant to guide the
improvement of the judo learner.
Badreau Jacques, "Combat: Construction d'un Contenu en
Judo", ["Combat Sports: How to Plan Basic Judo Teaching"],
EPS, 1986, juillet-octobre, nø 200-201, 51-53 pp.
In order to promote an in-school judo teaching method not
only based on judo games but on real improvements, the author
presents various situations suitable to beginners in high
schools, and easy to be run by the physical education teacher
who is not a judo specialist. Each situation is analysed in
its objectives, movement instructions, contents,...
Badreau Jacques, "Combat Sports: How to Plan Basic Judo
Teaching", ["Combat: Construction d'un Contenu en Judo"],
EPS, 1986, Novembre-Decembre, nø 202, 43-45 pp.
In the second part of his paper, the author follows his
demonstration with new movement tasks.
Barrault D., Poortmans J., Leclercq R., "Comparaison de la
Fonction Renale chez les Judoka lors d'un Exercice Maximal
sur Ergocycle et lors d'Entrainements de Judo", ["Comparison
of Renal Function in Judoka during Normal Exercise and
Training"], Sciences et Sport, nø 2, 1987, pp.119-125.
Twelve male judoka have been investigated on a bicycle
ergometer by stepwise exercise up to exhaustion. Thereafter,
they were submitted to one hour of specific training for judo
under two different conditions (nage waza and ne waza). Blood
and urine samples were collected prior to and after each
event. Maximal oxygen uptake is equivalent to athletes with
polyvalent physical fitness. During exhaustive exercise,
there has been a moderate involvement of lactate production
and hematocrite while postexercise proteinuria and
albuminuria lead to the conclusion of a transient renal
impairment. On the other hand, judo training sessions did not
involve 1actic metabolism to any appreciable extent. There is
a signicative difference between these two values showing
that ne waza training is more intensive than nage komi
training. Moreover, the renal function during these two
sessions was not disturbed as far as the excretion of protein
is concerned. There has been no difference between the
training sessions with or without falls. This proves that the
falls in judo have no consequence on albuminuria, proteinuria
or on the kidney physiology.
Brousse Michel, "La Performance en Judo, Etude de ['Aspect
Technique", ["Judo Performance, a Study of Technical
Aspects"], STAPS, nø 13, 1986, Mai, 7-12 pp.
Anton Geesink's victories, the abandon of the single weight
class, new contest rules with the introduction of koka and
yuko are important dates in modern judo. The Olympics, Soviet
Union contestants, new training methods have influenced the
technical side of the performance. Judo techniques and
contest regulations have evolved closely and influenced one
another. Factorial analysis allows the author to point out
the relationship between throws and advantages which tends to
prove that some judo techniques, related to high advantages,
have to be performed when preparing contests in a different
way from others linked with koka and yuko; thus the need for
another approach, more oriented to timing and opportunity
rather than to the execution itself; besides a specific
defense can also be developed from it. This illustrates the
importance of the tactical dimension in modern judo.
Brousse Michel, "Du Samurai a 1'Athlete: 1'Essor du Judo en
France", ["From Samurai to Athlete: the Evolution of Judo in
France"], Sport-Histoire, Revue Internationale des Sports et
des Jeux, Toulouse, Privat, nø 3, 1989, pp. 11-25.
The author examines the process of westernisation and
modernisation of judo through the increasing role of
organised contest. Apparently paradoxical in original judo,
competition reveals itself as a decisive developing factor
and involves real changes in the philosophy of the
discipline. One of the main examples is the introduction of
the colour belt system which from Great-Britain to France
then spread world-wide. This shift from "perfection" to
"progress" is seen as the first criterion of the
westernisation of Kano's method. France played a prominent
role in the internationally organised post World War II judo.
Drifting away from its origins, contest-oriented judo became
gradually acculturated, "perverted". After being a samurai,
the modern judoka has moved into an athlete.
Brousse Miche1, "Reflexions sur 1'Evolution de 1'Enseignement
du Judo en France", ["Considerations on the Evo1ution of the
Teaching of Judo in France"], Bulletin de l'Academie de Judo
Michigami, nø 13, 15 Mai 1989, 3-7 pp.
The author points out the link between the signification of
judo and its cultural and economic dimensions and discusses
the different definitions of the practice according to the
evolution of the society. The westernisation of judo
influenced the relation to knowledge, the way it is
transmitted and the values related to a discipline deflected
from its origins by the guest countries and the predominance
of the contest orientation. Judo teachers have definitely not
the same background, the same experience. Kano's original
judo is to the judo of the fifties what the latter is to
today's French judo, a far-off reference.
Bui-Xuan Gilles, "Essai d'Interpretation Psycho-Sociologique
de 1'Evolution du Judo et de ses Pratiquants", ["Toward a
Psycho-Sociological Analysis of the Evolution of Judo and
Judo Players"], Anthropologie des Techniques du Corps, Actes
du Colloque Organise par la Revue STAPS, Paris, STAPS, mars
1984, 291-306 pp.
In this paper the author studies the imaginary roots of judo.
He sets apart judoka according to their feelings toward
grappling or throwing and develops a socio-psychoanalytic
approach of the motivations that underlie judo practice.
Calmet Michel, Gouriot Marcel, Didactique Judo en Milieu
Scolaire, [In-school Judo Didactics], Centre de Documentation
Pedagogique de l'Oise, s.1., 1987,40 p.
The authors present "markers" to analyse and organize in-
school judo teaching. Their non specific approach differs
from the classic one and is more related to loose styles of
wrestling although it explores the standards of the judo
techniques. This booklet offers an acculturated and
pedagogical form of judo to physical education teachers in
order to establish a connection between schools and judo
clubs.
Clement Jean-Paul, "L'Itineraire du Judo dans la Societe
Francaise (1936-1970)", ["Judo Itinerary in French
Society(1936-1970)"], STAPS, Dossier nø1, novembre 1987, 129-
144 pp.
The author studies the evolution of judo and physical
education in the French society between 1936 and 1970. He
comments upon some of the sociological characteristics of the
judo players during that period, and stresses the ambiguous
relations between P.E. and judo which seems to be explained
more by social and economical causes plus corporatist
attitudes than by different ideologies.
FFJDA, collectif, Le Judo des 15-17Ans, Pratique et
Entrainement. [Youngsters' Judo (15/17): Practice and
Training], FFJDA, Paris, 1985, 181 p.
This book presents an innovating process of teaching judo to
the 15 year-olds to the 17 year-olds. It introduces new
concepts like autonomy, responsibility and a "covenant"
between the judo learner and his teacher. A better
understanding of judo and the pursuit of efficiency per se
are the key points of that work which offers rich didactical
analyses. The main characteristic of that book is the central
part given to the young judo player, taking into account his
abilities, motivations, ... Written by experienced judo
players and physical education specialists, this book
presents a new approach in judo teaching.
Majean Hubert, Gaillat Lionel, "Etude de l'Acide Lactique
Sanguin chez le Judoka en Fonction des Methodes
d'Entrainement", ["A Study of Blood Lactic Acid in the Judo
Player According to His Training Methods"], Medecine du
Sport, nø 4, 1986, 194-197 pp.
A physiological approach of the efforts made during a judo
contest has been made possible by laboratory methods. Blood
lactic acid rates show that anaerobic glycolysis is extremely
solicited in judo contest. When used during training
sessions, lactic acid measurement is an efficient programming
tool that could help the trainer to quantify work intensity.
Therme Pierre, Raufast Andre, "Le Symbolisme dans le Champ
des Activites Physiques et Sportives", ["Symbolism in the
Field of Physical Activities and Sports"], Recherche en
Activites Physiques et Sportives, Actes des Joumees de la
Recherche enAPS. Aix-Marseille II, Maseille, 1985, 75-88 pp.
A clinical and psychological approach to combat sports
practiced by groups of psychotic and parapsychotic children
has allowed the authors to build up, since 1975, a
considerable bank of clinical observations. While it is true
that the behaviour of many children remains psychotic,
whatever the surrounding context, the clinical facts allow
them to observe the evolution of certain "cases" and the
occurrence of a certain relief from psychosis. The present
stage of the theoretical reflection, based on practical
study, as well as a specific methodology developed from a
long and difficult experience have led to indicate certain
significant correlations between the manner in which these
evolutive cases take possession of the combat area and their
psychological evolution. Thus, the theoretical interest of
the study consists, firstly in the analysis of the spatial
discourse, a body language. For the group of cases studied,
they observe regular links between, on one hand, the passage
from one specific spatial-motor structure to another, and, on
the other hand the progressive construction of an identity.
At present, this research aims to construct a model of
successive stages in spatial-motor constructions and the
concomitant modifications in mental activities.
Trilles Francis, Etude des Interactions Judoka-Tatami,
Optimisation du Compromis Performance-Protection et
Problematique d'une Normalisation, [Judoka-Tatami
Interactions, Best Compromise Between Performance and
Protection, Standardization], These de l'Universite de
Poitiers, 1987, 463 p.
A tatami must offer "protection and performance" to the judo
athletes. The author has studied the importance of tatami in
judo related traumatology. His methodology involves
mechanical, technical and medical analyses. Various criteria
are taken into account from measured mechanical
characteristics and statistical data processing. This work
led to the definition of a French norm (AFNOR S 52-307, Juin
1988) for judo tatami.
Great Britain
Goodger B. C., Goodger J. M., "Judo in the Light of Theory
and Sociological Research", Intemational Review of Sport
Sociology, Vol. 2 (12), 1977, 5-34 pp.
Since the second world war judo has undergone a rapid
transformation from a small-scale, esoteric, Japanese
"martial way" to a large-scale, modern, international sport
with changes in organisational scale and complexity, and in
the nature of the legitimation of authority. These changes
have profoundly affected judo training cultures and processes
of cultural transmission.
Goodger B. C., Goodger J. M., "Organisational and Cultural
Change in Post-War British Judo", International Review of
Sport Sociology, Vol. 1 (15), 1980, 21-48 pp.
This paper examines changes in the macro-institutional and
micro-social contexts in British judo since the second world
war. In particular, growth in scale, westernisation,
international competition and the application of scientific
approaches to training have led to a more individualistic and
less cohesive and morally distinctive training culture, and
to changes in the individual player's experience of judo.
Goodger B. C., "Sociology of Sports: Some Implications from
Instruction in Judo", Focus on Learning, USA, nø 7, 1, 1980,
30-38 pp.
The paper examines the relevance of concepts developed in the
study of educational transmission (for example
"classification" and "framing") to instruction in judo and
relationships between "judo knowledge" and "nonjudo
knowledge". A case-study of conflicting legitimacy-claims in
judo is also presented.
Goodger J. M., "Judo Players as a Gnostic Sect", Religion, nø
12, 1980, 333-344 pp.
This paper suggests that the post-war judo movement in
Britain (up to about 1960) had the character of agnostic
sect, that is a select group with special enlightenment,
pursuing self-perfection. The body of teaching was
distinctive and esoteric, but provided insights for everyday
life; enlightenment was assumed to unfold gradually, the
leader of the movement was assumed to possess exceptional
powers.
Goodger B. C., The Development of Judo in Britain: a
Sociological study. Ph. D. Thesis of the University of
London, 1981, 442 p.
This study examines the original social context of Kodokan
judo and that of its initial establishment in Britain in the
1920s. It then focuses on judo in Britain since 1945, looking
at its organisation, relations with Japan, approaches to
training, contests and teaching, and on the development of
rules and refereeing. In conclusion then developments are
examined in the light of themes in the original conception of
Kodokan judo.
Goodger J. M., Judo, a Changing Culture, Ph. D. Thesis of
the University of London, 1981,470p.
This study examines the "core training culture" in British
judo. Taking a sample of high-ranking judoka over the period
from the 1930s to the mid 1970s, changes in the following
areas are examined: orientations to the body and physical
capacities, orientations to the social order, and social
affiliations and relationships. The culture of the pre-war
period is characterised as that of a "society", that of the
early post-war period as a "sect" and that of the 1960s and
early 1970s as a "sport".
Goodger J. M., "Theories of Change in Sport: Comments on Some
Recent Discussions", International Review of Sport Sociology,
nø 3 (1), 1982, 99-109 pp.
This paper examines relationships between individual sports
and the wider social structure, in particular looking at the
social composition in sports, processes through which social
composition may change, and relationships between changes in
social composition and changes in the symbolic systems,
beliefs and practices of individual sports. judo in Britain
between the 1920s and the 1970s is used to illustrate these
points, and they are set in the context of a critical
examination of recent contributions to the sociology of
sport.
Goodger J. M., "Directions for Leisure Research: a Critique
of the Radical View", Quest, 1983, 12-20 pp.
This paper first describes the radical view of leisure
research, which puts a considerable stress on class, class
conflict and class domination in examining leisure groups and
changes in leisure. It then goes on to a critique of this
view and to an alternative approach, referring to
configurational and multi-factor approaches and suggests that
analysis should examine the nature of satisfactions derived
by participants. Judo is used to illustrate these points.
Goodger J. M., "Pluralism, Transmission and Change in Sport",
Quest, nø 38 (2), 1986, 135-147 pp.
This paper first takes up the approaches of Marx, Durkheim
and Weber to the process of industrialisation. It then
suggests that pluralism is a central feature of modern
industrial societies, and one which may influence processes
of cultural transmission and change. An examination of
approaches to cultural transmission is followed by a
case-study of post-war British judo, illustrating processes
of cultural transmission and change.
Goodger, J. M., "Ritual, Solidarity and Sport", Acta
Sociologica, nø 29 (3), 1986, 219
224 pp.
Ritual is seen as a form of expression through which
identities and values of sports groups may be sustained.
Certain features of the division of labour, notably
specialisation, diversity and individualism, may weaken the
shared cultural context on which ritual depends. However,
"bonds of similitude" generated by sports groups may limit
the impact of these processes, the intense and shared
experience of sports activities, and associated values and
identities, tending to generate shared cultural contexts and
ritual within them. Judo is used to illustrate these
processes.
ITALY
Beraldo S., Monti A., Preparazione Atletica nel Judo
Femminile, [Physical Training in Judo for Women], Ed. FILPJ,
Roma, 1985, 125 p.
A rich collection of physical training exercises and an
interesting psychological and technical approach to judo
training for women.
Beraldo S., Polletti C., 17 Libro della Prepatazione Fisica,
[Physical Training Book], Ed. Mediterranee, Roma, 1988, 205
p.
The authors, starting from auxology and functional anatomy
show different methodologies and a lot of exercises to
improve human skill. Other arguments: training programmation,
physical preparation with and without weights, principles of
alimentation for sports with weight categories; and a special
chapter on weightlifting completes this book.
Betti Berutto T., Da Cintura Bianca a Cintura Nera, [From
White to Black Belt], Ed. Spada, Roma, 1987 [1956], 810 p.
The oldest and most complete Italian judo book (10 editions
from l986). The author, a man who loves judo, writes about
classic judo: techniques, kata, bushido, ancient and modern
Japan and more information about different martial arts:
karate, aikido, kendo, kyudo, kung fu, ...
Capelletti F., Zucchelli F., Judo Terzo Livello, [Third Level
Judo], Ed. FILPJ, Roma, 1987, 130 p. (Plus a video tape).
Judo for top level athletes divided in two parties: Technical
part (movements, displacements, kumi kata, renraku, kaeshi,
... ) Training part (exercises to improve muscular strength).
Cappelli P. P., Judo Cuida Tecnica per Regazzi, [Judo for
Children], Ed. FILPJ, Roma, 1987, 88 p.
Little booklet which explains the classic Japanese judo bases
for children, this very clearly.
Carmeni B., Judo per Tutti, [Judo for Everybody], Ed. G.B.,
Roma, 1988, 294 p.
A pocket encyclopedia dealing with judo history, ceremonials,
positions, gymnastics, body movements, break falls, kata,
throwing and grappling principles, ...
Sacripanti A., "Note Biomeccaniche su Ude Hishigi Juji
Gatame", ["Biomechanical Remarks on Ude Hishigi Juji
Gatame"], Athlon, nø 8, 1985, p. 29-31.
Physical and physiological study on ude hishigi juji gatame
in order to achieve a more technical effectiveness and a
better refereeing.
Sacripanti A., "Lo Squilibrio Statico in Judo", ["Statistical
Unbalance in Judo"], Athlon, nø 5-6, 1987, pp. 42-44.
A physical study on kuzushi, its historical development and a
more correct Biomechanical definition for a better
understanding.
Sacripanti A., "Biomechanical Classification of Judo Throwing
Techniques (Nage waza), Vø International Symposium of
Biomechanics in Sports, Athens, 1987, translation in Scuola
cello Sport, Rivista di Cultura Sportiva, nø 10, 1987, pp.
56-61.
Deep study on the use of forces in space in static and
dynamic conditions, determination of two basic physical
principles of judo throwing techniques, new classification of
77 judo throws and identification of "fundamentals".
Sacripanti A., "La Biomeccanica del Judo", ["Biomechanics and
Judo"], Sapere, nø 8-9, 1988, pp. 57-66.
Historical development of biomechanics from 1680, its
application in sports and main results of biomechanics
studies in judo, wrestling and weigh/lifting.
Sacripanti A., Biomeccanica del Judo, [Judo Biomechanics,],
Ed. Mediterranee, Roma, 1989,205p.
The first complete book on judo biomechanics divided in three
parts: Physics, Biomechanics, Judo. This book explains not
how but why it is possible to apply judo techniques; deep
study on judo bases, teaching methodologies, classifications,
training, competition.
Sozzi G., Impariamo il Judo, [Learning Judo], Ed. FILPJ,
Roma, 1988, 35 p.
Very interesting judo cartoon guide for children (6ø edition)
Sozzi G., Insegnamo il Judo, [Teaching Judo], Ed. FILPJ
Athlon, Roma, 1988, 63 p.
Very clever, full photographic guide, for a modern teaching
methodology of judo bases for children and amateurs.
POLAND
Dabrosawa A., Bartosiewicz G., Gajewski J., Jaszczuk J., Wit
A., A Method for Determining Judaka Physical Features during
Training Process, Institute of sport, Warsaw, Poland.
The physical features of judoka were expressed by means of
the following parameters: maximum isometric torques of ten
muscle groups; dynamic parameters of lower extremities and
trunk, evaluated from measurement of reactionforce on the
force plate during counter-movement jump; muscle tremor
factors. The tested group consisted of young athletes who
achieved first success in this discipline and championships
from national judo team. Until now isometric torques were
measured several times during the training cycle and their
values were useful for planning training loads. A criterion
of selection for young athletes on the basis of results of
measurements of this feature was formulated. Test on the
force plateform is nonspecific for this sport and was not
applied for control of training process. The results of
tremor parameters evaluation seem to be interesting but this
method still requires testing.
Markowska L., Mickiewicz G., Wojczak J., Sikorski W., Liwski
G., Posnik J.,
"Activity of Sympatho-Adrenal System in Athletes during a
Year's Training Cycle", Biology of Sport, nø Vol. 4, nø 3/4,,
1987.
The purpose of this study was to analyse activity of the
sympatho-adrenal system in athletes during an annual training
cycle. Ten judo players were studied during two identical
preparation periods and six kayakers during two different
periods of the training cycle. Investigations carried out on
the same athletes/kayakers have shown that: 1) during the
competition period the resting urinary catecholamine /NA and
A/ excretion was significantly lower than during the general
period of preparation /p<0,01 and p<0,05, respectively/; 2)
during the competition period post-exercise urinary NA and A
excretion was also significantly lower. Investigations
carried out during the same periods of the annual training
cycle /judo/ have shown no significant differences in resting
and post-exercise catecholamine excretions.
Mickiewicz G., The Laboratory Tests Applied for Determination
of Work Capacity in Judo, Institute of sport, Warsaw.
The aim of this study was to compare the laboratory tests
applied for evaluation of work capacity of the Polish
national judo team athletes during 1981-198S. Comparatives
studies were made on ten judoka. Six laboratory tests were
applied: 1) test for estimation of the maximal oxygen uptake
/VO2max/ 2) Pulsative endurance test 3) 5 min. test 4)
Repeated anaerobic test 5) 30 sec. anaerobic test performed
with the lower extremities 6) 30 sec. anaerobic test
performed with the upper extremities. The following
parameters were determined during the tests: parameters of
gas exchange /VO2, VE, %O2, RQ/; heart rate /HRI, maximum
values and 3 min. after termination for the exercise; lactic
acid /L`/ concentration parameters of blood acid-base
equilibrium /BE, pH/ in the 3rd and 30th min. after exercise;
maximum power; time of attainment and maintenance of maximum
power. The work output in the tests was also calculated. The
comparative analysis was made using the method of Scheffe
simultaneous comparisons. Further, interrelationship between
the tests was evaluated on the basis of linear correlation
coefficients. The analysis has shown the pulsative endurance
test, 5 min. test and the 30 sec. anaerobic upper-extremities
test to be of the highest diagnostic value for determination
of work capacity in judo.
Sikorski W., Mickiewicz G., Laksa Cz., Majle B., Contest
Structure and Work Capacity of a Judo Competitor, Institute
of sport, Warsaw.
The main purpose of this research was to characterize a judo
contest with regard to technical structure, duration of
sequences of work and breaks during the contest as well as
work capacity of a judo competitor. Identification of a judo
contest from technical and tactical viewpoint has been made
on the basis of observation of all the contests in three
consecutive world championships, three European and Po1ish
championships. Physiological research has been carried out on
164 competitors during international tournaments and Po1ish
championships in line with estimation of a judoka work
capacity by means of measurement of lactic acid concentration
and parameters of acid-base equilibrium in blood. The
observations and research have elucidated that a judo contest
consists of short sequences of work no longer than 30 sec.,
between which are intervals, in 80% shorter than 10 sec. Such
intermittent work demands from judo competitor great
efficiency of anaerobic lactate capacity which has been
manifested in high concentration of lactic acid and high
acidosis of blood after the contests. Analysis of
observations have shown gradual increase of effective attacks
till the third minute of the contests, lower number in the
fourth and great increase in the last minute of fights. The
medalists of the world and European championships attacked
efficiently more often than others but the va1ues of their
attacks was identical. They also received most points for
pena1ising opponents and most frequently performed seoi nage,
uchi mate and other waza.
European Society for the Scientific Study of Judo
PORTUGAL
de Almada F., Rocha A., Roquette J, Lopes H., "A Importancia
da Relagao da Posigao Centro de Massa-Base de Apoio nos
Desportos de Combate", ["The Importance of the Relative
Position of the Gravity Center and Stability Stance in
Fighting Sports", Universidade Tecnica de Lisboa, CDI-ISEF,
1989.
In judo one can move or take action against one's partner in
function of the relation of one's center of gravity as well
as of his support basis (if one considers the fact that
during a fight or even a championship there is no significant
alteration in factors such as weight, height, strength, etc.,
... ) In this article are analysed the consequences of the
relative position of the center of gravity in the practice of
judo and other fighting sports (such as fencing, karate,
boxing, ... ). The differences of the distances between
fighters are compared.
de Almada Fernando, Judo Analise Mecanica das Tecnicas de
Projeccao do Gokio, [Analysis of Gokio Throwing Technics in
Judo], Universidade Tecnica de Lisboa, CDI-ISEF, 1980, 119 p.
In this book the author intends to account for the mechanical
elements of the throwing techniques of gokio, in order to
allow a functional analysis of these techniques. He tries to
give the "feeling" of the first phase of each throw as it
develops. In judo, techniques are not "pattern solutions".
According to the spirit that made Jigoro Kano compile them,
the gokio techniques form a set of problems covering a wide
range of different situations that allow whoever masters them
the necessary capacities to face any new problem that may
rise. In a western culture using generally analysis/synthesis
processes, every part is just the extension of the whole so
the solutions are accordingly conditioned. In an eastern
culture used to globalizing and based on analogical
structures, every part of the whole is just the extension of
the whole so there is no such problem. For those who have
some knowledge of physics, mechanics and better still
biomechanics, it will be easy, at least theoretically, to
determine the conditions of maximum rentability based on our
own data.
de Almada Fernando," Desportos de Combate", ["Combat
Sports"], Ludens, Vol. 8, nø 3, June 1983.
The author attempts to define the concept of combat sport
taking into account the characteristics of their cultural
origins (either oriental or occidental) and analyses the
implications (importance and weight of the traditions,
difficulties of adaptation, transformations undergone. He
presents the hypothesis that this sort of practice could
represent an answer to his prospective view.
de Almada Fernando, O Conceito de Esquema Mental como
Paradigma Base de uma Concepcuo Estruturalista, [The Concept
of Mental Scheme as the Basis Paradigm of a Structuralist
Conception], Ph D Thesis in Human Motricity, Sports
Organization and Training, Universidade Tecnica de Lisboa,
CDI-ISEF, 1987, 272 p.
Mental schemes are presented as the basis paradigm of man's
functional structure. They represent a human dimension
constituted by reasoning power modules which act as formulas
facilitating the answers of the modules already elaborated
but limiting a perception of possibilities of an alternative
choice. Taking into consideration that mental schemes of the
man observed and those of the observer tend to maintain
themselves, we can relate cultures, sciences, personal
perspectives simple words, etc., once that has been made
possible to consider the relationship between the mental
schemes of the object (man)/ the signal the observer (another
man). The research was conducted with a theoretical approach
in the field of the knowledge of the nervous system and an
experimental research considering variables as cardiac
frequency, skin electric resistance and time of answering.
The author considers the use of this concept in the
understanding, the improving and the developing of judo.
de Almada Fernando, Judo Analise MecaAnica das Tecnicas de
Projeccao do Gokio, [Analysis of Gokio Throwing Technics in
Judo], Universidade Tecnica de Lisboa, CDI-ISEF, 1989.
The aim of the management during the practice is usually to
imitate what has been accepted as the ideal situation.
However since one is constantly dealing with an infinite
number of variables and not with constant values, these
practice models can be seen as a more useful type of tool
since they allow a sportsman to develop faster and further.
In judo the gokio technics were used as a model long before
they even became accepted as standards throughout Europe. The
identification of the model's variables and of their
indicators leads to yet another form of preparation for the
judo instructors and the judoka thus enhancing their work
even further. Therefore, using the basis of the book
"Analysis of Gokio Throwing Technics in Judo", we prepared
posters and analysed each judo technic so that, even without
specific preparation, people may come to understand why they
function the way they do and subsequently how they function.
Martins T., Roquette J. Carvalho L., "Estudo Ecocardiografica
do Coracao dos Judokas", "An Echocardiographic Study of the
Judoka's Heart: Morphological Characteristics"], Motricidade
Humana, CDI-ISEF, Vol. 4, nø 1, 1988.
As we have been puzzled by references in a text describing
the striking similarities between the morphology of the
judoka's heart and people affected by hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy, we have decided to evaluate by means of
echocardiography, a population of Portuguese judoka whom we
compared to a control group of sedentaries. We analysed the
occurring changes in the dimensions of cardiac chambers, wall
thickness, myocardial mass and left ventricular function. Our
study shows that judo practice induces morphological
alterations in the judoka's heart but those changes are not
followed by the depression of the systolic function of the
left ventricle. Echocardiography seems to be an excellent
method in the evaluation of the effects of judo on the heart.
Rocha, Maria Amalia, "Analise de Algumas Variaveis no De Ashi
Barai, de Acordo com uma Metodologio da Actividade Motora",
["Analysis of Some Variables of De Ashi Barai, According to a
Methodology of Motor Activity"], Lisboa, December 1987.
Poster showed at the AIESEP World conference.
Due to the need of: -personalizing training in relation to
the different practice conditions,
-identifying the factors which enable us to understand a
practical situation as accurately as possible, taking into
account the time in which the answers have to be given
throughout the training, we suggest the utilisation of a
methodology which consists of: carrying out a diagnosis on
the analysis of the form; programming and executing the
activity in such a way so as to answer the hypothesis raised
and in order to control the development of the action. As an
example, we present the study of a throwing technique, the De
Ashi Barai, and try to identify some of its variables, define
the factors affecting its evolution and identify the
indicators which enable us to control it.
Roquette Joao, "Estudio Morfologico do Judokas Portugues em
Differentes Categorias de Peso", ["A Morphological Study of
Portuguese Judoka in Different Weight
Categories''l.Universidade Tecnica de Lisboa, CDI-ISEF, 1988.
The purpose of this study was to compare the morphology of
Portuguese judoka by assessment of the somatotype
characteristics, body composition estimates and
proportionality profiles. These results indicate that the
components of somatotype are similar in all categories. In
relation to the body composition we found significant
differences of adiposity in two categories (-65 kg and -86
kg). In general the judoka tend to be more endomesomorphic in
upper weight categories than in the lower ones.
Roquette Joao, "Analise Comparativa Entre Duas Tecnicas de
Projeccao no Judo", ["Comparative Analysis Between Two
Throwing Technics of Judo."], Universidade Tecnica de Lisboa,
CDI-ISEF, 1988.
We made a comparative analysis of two throwing technics
(goshi-uchi-mata and ashi-uchi-mata), by the study of some
mechanic variables: classes of forces involved and uke's body
flight paths. These two motor skills seem to have different
mechanical structures taking into account the following
factors: timing for application of forces in uke's body,
direction of forces and flight paths.
Serpa Sidonio, "Psychological Training and Control for the
Competition, Sophrological help in Judo", EJU Congress,
Pamplona, May 1988.
The objective of the competition is based on getting the
highest efficiency in a confrontation between individuals at
the top of their possibilities. Top sportsmen are usually
under the pressure of the continual requirement of success.
In this competitive world, the differences between the
athletes are marked by the psychological influences on their
physical and technical potentialities. In this work are
reviewed the positive psychological characteristics of a judo
player (concentration, aggressiveness, spirit of
sacrifice,... ) as opposed to negative factors such as
timidity and fear. Sophrology includes strategies to adapt
the individual to a concrete situation through mental
training techniques. The bases, methodology and sophrological
techniques in judo, are presented here according to the 1987
Serpa model.
SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES
Denmark
Bonde Hans, Judo den Milde Vej, [Judo, the Gentle Way],
Borgen, Kobenhavn, 1989,
200 p.
This books deals with the philosophy, history and technique
of judo. Judo is analysed both within its traditional
framework of zenbuddhistic self-development and as a modern
competitive sport. Among other things, the book describes how
Danish judo emerged as a part of the Danish resistance
movement during the German occupation of Denmark. Another
central theme is the morality of judo. Judo is not seen as
morally good per se, as it is often being taken for granted
in Japanese texts on martial arts, but judo is basically
analysed as a specific scheme of movement which can be used
for both destructive and constructive ends. The role of judo
in a militaristic Japan during the 1930's and the 40's shows
the destructive capacity of judo.
Norway
Andreassen Hans Petter, Introduisdonskurs i Judo, Oslo,
Norges Judo Forbund, 1979, 16 p.
Elementary course in judo. Norges Judo Forbund,HaugerSkolevie
1,N-1351 Rud.
Andreassen Hans Petter, Judo: Grundiurs i Kampregler,
Studichefte, Oslo, Norges Judo Forbund, 1983, 24 p.
The Norwegian judo federation basic course in judo combat
rules.
Giertsen J. Chr. Jr., Aktivitetslederkurs i Judo, Bergen,
Private ea., 25 p.
Elementary course for judo instn~ctors.
Hodne Dag, Hodnes Budo Statistikk Nø I Norges Ranking
1969-76, Nø 2 Norges Ranking 1977-1984, Norges Dan Graderte,
Private ed.
Dan Hodne, Munkerudvollen 19 a, Oslo 11.
Kaarbo Rolf, Rapport om D0dsulylken Fredag den 30 Januar
1970, Del. 1, Oslo Studentenes Idrettslag, 19 p.
Report on death accident in Oslo, 30/01/1970, part 1.
Morell-Jensen Morten, Skader i Norsk Judo pa Konkurranseniva,
Oslo, Private ea., 17 p.
Injuries in Norwegian judo sport on a competition level.
Norges Judo Forbund, Trener 1: Judo, Aktivitetslederkurs
Oslo, Norges Judo Forbund, 1981, 58 p.
A plan for basic judo teaching by he Norwegian judo
federation.
Otterbeck Geir, Treningsprogram for Gretslagsmedlemmer I
Hordaland Judokrets, Bergen, 1980, 35 p.
Training scheme for members of the judo team in Hordaland
prefecture.
Otterbeck Geir, Hvordan Skal Vi Kunne Skape et Slagiraftif;
Norsk Judo Landslag ? Oppgave til Topptrenerseminaret i
Bergen 1981, Bergen, 1981, 28 p.
How to create a vigorous Norwegian judo team.
Otterbeck Geir, Egentrening for Toppidrettsut0vere i Judo,
Bergen, Norges Judo Forbund, 1982, 17 p.
Self-training for high level judoka.
Salling Kjell, Biblio~raphical Notes on Some Scientif c Works
About Judo and JiuJitsu,Sarpsborg, Private ea., 1983, 28 p.
Very interesting collection of American, English, German and
French works published outside the specific judo magazines
(approximately 400 references).
Schumacher Anne, Hjertnes Hilde, Praksisrapport fra
Prosjoktarbeid ved Ris Skolei, Oslo, Private ea., 1981, 29 p.
In-school judo. Report on practice at Ris school in Oslo.
Stromme Bard, Instraksdon av Nybe~ynnere Of~
Viderekomme-Ungdom, Trenerveiledningmed Timeoversilt. Norks
Jiu-Jitsu og Judo Klubb,Os10, 1981, lOO p.
Important Norwegian work on judo: basic instructions,
guidance for instructors.
SWEDEN
Ahlstrom Roland,.EMG-Analysis JudospeciRkt: Jamforande Studie
Mellan tva Olika Kasttraningssmodeller, Stockholm, 1985, 23
p.
A comparative study of two different models for throwing
practice.
Forsberg Stig, Judotreninfg for "Avvikande" Barn, [Judo
Training for "Deviant" Children], Private ea., 1972, 9 p.
Some questions to parents of deviant children about their
development as a result of judo training. Stig Forsberg,
M01ndalsbacken 24, 12430 Bandhagen, Sweden.
Geels Antoon, Judo Metodik, Grundprinciper, Eget F0rlag,
Helsinborg, 1975, 176 p.
Judo method and basic principles..
Geels Antoon, Judo Gulvteknik av "Opa" Schutte, [Ne-Waza by
"Opa" Schutte], Plus Ultra, Helsinborg, 1979, 157 p.
In this book about ne-waza the author includes Dutch and
European judo history.
Gustafsson Jan-Olof, Energilravsanalys av Judo, Schantz,
Stockholm, 1978, 38 p.
Demand of energy in judo.
0hman Gerth,
Budo Fysiologi,, [Budo Physiology], Private ea.,
0rnsk01dsvik, 1977, 37 p.
Budo Fysiologi,, [Budo Physiology], Private ea.,
0rnsk01dsvik, 1978, 25 p.
0hman Girth, Budofysiologi, Box 107, 89101 0rnsk01dsvik,
Sweden
SPAIN
Aragones Mayte, "Cineanthropometry in Judo Player", EJU
Congress, Pamplona, May 1988.
Cineanthropometry studies shape, size, body composition and
the proportions of the athlete with the aim of analysing all
the factors which can increase the efficiency. The
morphological composition of a judo player (endomorphy,
mesomorphy and ectomorphy) is obtained through the somatotype
according to the HeathCarter method. The body composition's
study which divides the athlete's weight in fat, muscular,
osseous and residual, is based on Drinkwater's technic. In
this work, are presented the average values of somatotype and
body composition in the 1988 Spanish championships medalists
in comparison with the Olympic medalists of Montrea1 76. In
the study of the proportions are compared all the body
measurements through the "phantom", unisex, symmetrical and
bilateral model. In the same way is defined the
proportionally standard of a top player.
Modrego A., Aragones M., Ceberio F., "Somatotype and Body
Composition, Study on the Medalists of the 1986 Spanish Judo
Championships", Arch. Med. Dep., 1987.
Modrego Alberto, "Most Frequent Skeletal Muscles Sports
Injuries in Judo", in International Congress in
Sportsmedecine of Euskadi, San Sebastian, 1984.
Rodriguez, "Aggressiveness and Competitive judo", EJU
Congress, Pamplona, May 1988.
The search for the optimal efficiency in training and
competition may produce psychic and physic lacks of balance
which obstruct the natural development of the activib. The
use of a psychological approach is very important in sports,
above all, on sportsmen's physics and psychic reactions
before, during and after the game. There are decisive factors
in competitive judo which intervene in the behaviour of
players (concentration, self-control, anticipation, ... ) and
emphasize the differences between athletes with a similar
physical and technical level. These factors become stronger
through psychological techniques In this way, different
theories about aggressiveness in judo are presented here. The
way of using the body and mental force by attack and defense
techniques increase self-control.
Sagredo, "Differential Aspects in Feminine Judo", EJU
Congress, Pamplona, May 1988.
This study offers first a sociological introduction on the
historic evolution of feminine sports. Then values the
importance of differential psychology in sports practice. The
female skeleton presents important differences, for example,
her short and cylindrical pelvis. Body fat generally settles
on the hips, thighs and abdomen as a consequence of the
action of estrogens. Sportswomen have 15-20% whereas 25% are
found in other females. There is a lesser absolute and
relative amount in muscular distribution though the
proportion of quick and slow fibers is similar in both sexes.
Woman presents between 55 and 85% of the man's force, due to
the lesser muscular surface and arm leverage. The effect of
aerobic training are similar in both sexes though there is a
lesser oxygen contribution in women. There are no differences
on the anaerobic resistance and women seem to be better
adapted to humidity, have a lesser risk of dehydration and
more apt to lose heat.
Zakarian, 'Hand and Wrist in Judo", EJU Congress, Pamplona,
May 1988.
Both of them are exposed to a great number of trauma because
they are the basis of the movements in this sport. The
factors which produce the chronic and acute pathology of
these injuries are studied in this work: acute pathology:
ligament injuries on fingers, phalanges fractures, breaking
tendons and injuries on soft parts. On the wrist: sprains,
scaphoid fractures, tenotivitis and canalar syndromes,
chronic pathology, distal interphalangic arthrosis, wrist
arthrosis, thumb arthrosis and finger deformations.
Zakarian, "Spine Pathology in Judo", EJU Congress, Pamplona,
May 1988.
Judo is a contact sport in which there are many intense extra
load situations over the spine. To study these injuries,
physiopathology, values sport biomechanics, physiologica1
factors and other things such as the intensity of the
practice and the starting age, checking the pre-existing
pathological situation. The acute orthopedic surgery and the
common chronic microtraumatisms are studied in each vertebral
segment (cervical, dorsal and lumbar). Some preventive
recommendations about the judo practice are showed in this
work and it is thought that the main problem is in the
prepuberal development period of the teenagers.
May 1989